生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳氮循環(huán)耦合作用是當(dāng)前全球變化學(xué)的前沿領(lǐng)域。自然狀態(tài)下陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力普遍受到氮素限制,外源性氮素輸入傾向于增加生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳固定,同時改變土壤-大氣界面碳氮?dú)怏w交換、土壤有機(jī)碳(SOC)儲量和穩(wěn)定性,目前國際上關(guān)于“氮促碳匯”效應(yīng)存在嚴(yán)重分歧,包括碳固定、碳耗竭和碳中性等觀點(diǎn)。
針對全球大氣氮沉降模擬控制試驗(yàn)站點(diǎn)分散、施氮形態(tài)單一、持續(xù)時間短等局限性,中國科學(xué)院地理科學(xué)與資源研究所于貴瑞課題組以中國東部南北樣帶(NSTEC)和中國草地樣帶(CGT)4個典型森林和草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為研究對象,統(tǒng)一布設(shè)多形態(tài)(NH4+、NO3-、Urea)、多水平的增氮控制試驗(yàn),高頻監(jiān)測研究土壤CO2、CH4和N2O交換通量對增氮的響應(yīng)規(guī)律和主控因子,同時利用穩(wěn)定性同位素、三維熒光光譜、Biolog等技術(shù)研究氮素富集條件下SOC積累與損耗的生物化學(xué)機(jī)制。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)低劑量施氮抑制了土壤CO2和N2O排放,促進(jìn)了土壤CH4吸收,而中、高劑量氮輸入的效應(yīng)正好相反;并且銨態(tài)氮對土壤碳氮?dú)怏w通量的促進(jìn)或抑制作用較硝態(tài)氮更強(qiáng)(Fang et al., 2012, Plant and Soil; Fang et al., 2014, Geoderma; Xu et al., 2014, Forest Science; Wang et al., 2014, Plos One)。(2)通過測定NSTEC樣帶7個典型森林土壤異養(yǎng)呼吸和微生物碳源利用活性,發(fā)現(xiàn)溫帶森林土壤微生物群落主要利用高能量基質(zhì),而亞熱帶森林微生物同等效率地利用土壤基質(zhì),從而揭示了土壤CO2通量沿著緯度變化的微生物學(xué)機(jī)理(Fang et al., 2014, Ecological Research)。(3)發(fā)現(xiàn)低氮增加SOC及各組分儲量,新增有機(jī)碳主要儲存在粗顆粒有機(jī)碳組分中;而中氮和高氮傾向于消耗易變的SOC組分,增加耐分解SOC的比例,導(dǎo)致青藏高原高寒草甸SOC數(shù)量下降和穩(wěn)定性增加 (Fang et al., 2014, Applied Soil Ecology; Fang et al., 2014, European Journal of Soil Science)。
上述研究提出了土壤碳氮溫室氣體對增氮非線性響應(yīng)的“三階段”模式,揭示了氮沉降對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳截留和損耗的影響機(jī)理,界定導(dǎo)致北方森林和高寒草甸生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能轉(zhuǎn)變的大氣氮沉降臨界負(fù)荷為20 kgN ha-1 yr-1,明確指出在高寒草甸施加銨態(tài)氮肥具有更大的生態(tài)環(huán)境風(fēng)險。
相關(guān)論文:
1、Fang Huajun,Guirui Yu, Minjie Xu, Xusheng Dang, Linsen Li, Lei Wang,Changes in soil heterotrophic respiration, carbon availability, and microbial function in seven forests along a climate gradient,Ecological Research,2014,DOI 10.1007/s11284-014-1194-6.
2、Fang Huajun,Cheng Shulan, Yu Guirui, Minjie Xu, Yongsheng Wang, Linsheng Li, Xusheng Dang, Lei Wang, Yingnian Li,Experimental nitrogen deposition alters the quantity and quality of soil dissolved organic carbon in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,Applied Soil Ecology,DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.04.007
3、Fang Huajun。Cheng Shulan, Yu Guirui, Xueming Yang, Minjie Xu, Yongsheng Wang, Linsheng Li, Xusheng Dang, Lei Wang, Yingnian Li,Nitrogen deposition impacts on the amount and stability of soil organic matter in an alpine meadow ecosystem depend on the form and rate of applied nitrogen,European Journal of Soil Science,2014,65, 510–519.
4、Fang Huajun,Cheng Shulan, Yu Guirui, Jules Cooch, Wang Yongsheng, Xu Minjie, Li Linsen, Dang Xusheng, Li Yingnian,Low-level nitrogen deposition significantly inhibits methane uptake from an alpine meadow soil on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,Geoderma, 213 (2014) 444–452.
5、Wang Yongsheng,Shulan Cheng, Huajun Fang,Guirui Yu, Minjie Xu, Xusheng Dang, Linsen Li, Lei Wang,Simulated nitrogen deposition reduces CH4 uptake and increases N2O emission from a subtropical plantation forest soil in southern China,Plos One,April 2014 Volume 9, Issue 4, e93571.
6、Minjie Xu, Shulan Cheng, Huajun Fang, Guirui Yu, Wenlong Gao, Yongsheng Wang,Xusheng Dang, and Linsen Li,Low-level nitrogen addition promotes net methane uptake in a boreal forest across the Great Xing’an Mountain region, China. Forest Science,2014, 60(2).
